The Cell Phone Invention :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Cell Phone Invention We have all seen and used cell phones. However we have probably taken the technology for granted. The cellular telephone has evolved and improved a lot over the years. Before we get into the history let us first get the definition for 'cellular'. It's called cellular because the system uses many base stations to divide a service area into multiple 'cells' (1). Each base station consists of a tower and at the base is the equipment to send and receive signals. Now that it cleared up we will look back into the history. To find the first "cell phone" in history we look back to 1928. In 1928 the Detroit Michigan Police Department made the earliest significant use Mobile radio in a vehicle in the United States. The system operated at a frequency close to 2 MHz. The channels soon became overcrowded (3). This seems like a small and weak signal but at the time it was evolutionary. Nothing like this had ever been done before. It also seems like a crude method but it was just the beginning. The police, different companies, and public agencies were the only ones that got to use the mobile technology, but in 1945 the technology was made for public use. The mobile equipment was not sophisticated enough to prevent interference (3). The concept of using small cells wasn't looked at until 1947. Research found that this would increase the traffic capacity of mobile phones, however the technology didn't exist at that time (1). Also in 1947 AT&T tried to get the FCC to put aside a large band of radio-spectrum frequencies so that widespread mobile telephone service would become feasible (1). The FCC didn't like the idea and didn't back the technology at the time and limited the amount of frequencies. Twenty-one years later, in 1968, the FCC reconsidered AT&T's offer. They stated that, "if the technology to build a better mobile service works, we will increase the frequency allocation, freeing the airwaves for more mobile phones" (1). This is when AT&T and Bell Labs proposed the first idea of 'cells'. There would be many low frequency towers and calls would be passed from tower to tower as phones traveled across the area. Until this time, we have to realize that cell phone research was not a major or popular area. It was probably seen as a worthless study that wouldn't amount to much if anything.

What are the main features of child directed speech and how does it help language acquisition?

The language traits that characterise child-directed speech tend to facilitate the acquisition of language. Children start their lives without language and are faced with the challenge of emerging into a world in which they cannot effectively communicate. From the time a child is born, however, they will begin to associate what happens around them with meaning. As time passes, they will begin to associate unknown verbal forms to known meanings. Parents show a unique type of speaking that is referred to as child-directed speech, motherese, or, more commonly, baby talk for example â€Å"moo-cow†.This speech has many unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult-directed speech. One feature of child language acquisition is that children master language by making mistakes until they fully acquire the skills. This ‘trial and error’ approach shows that learning is taking place, however, phonological development seems also to depend on physical ability to produce sounds. Some phonological errors used by children are deletion in words such as â€Å"do(g)† and â€Å"cu(p)†. Although some add on extra vowels, for example â€Å"doggie†.A lot of young children change one consonant or vowel for another, known as an assimilation such as â€Å"gog† instead of â€Å"dog†. These errors show that as a child learns a word is substitutes the sound of a letter for a different one. In phonology there are a variety of features used by parents for language acquisition such as higher pitch in the parents voice, a greater range of frequencies in the tone, a slower speed of speech, clearer enunciation, emphasis on one or two words in a sentence, and special pronunciations of individual words.This is more common from the mothers as it comes naturally to them and is done in order to allow infants time to process the information being conveyed to them. Rhythm is also emphasized when talking to a child and is used closely with th e emphasis of various syllables. One children can produce sounds effectively they can use these skills to form real words that others can recognize. Proto-words have meaning for the child and the parents so a child needs to acquire the vocabulary that will help them be understood by a wider audience. Also achild needs to learn the meanings of words in order to link objects and ideas. The rate of lexical development in children at 12 months is that they know 50 words which increase to 2,000 at 36 months which shows that language is aquired in the early stages. Parents also tend to use some lexical features in speech such as â€Å"mama† and â€Å"dada† to encourage the child to start speaking, as these words are usually the first two the child says in their early months. As the child starts to progress, the parent uses diminutives like â€Å"doggy†, â€Å"kitty†, â€Å"potty† for the child to understand easily.Children can link a word and the referen t easily as they can usually see it, or see a visual representation in a book. The social and interactive nature of many words also indicate the importance of interacting with others, suggesting that pragmatic awareness is vital to language development. The reduplicative such as â€Å"quack quack† and diminutives like â€Å"mummy† show the bridge between phonological and lexical development. Child directed speech features a unique syntax. Parents usually use short utterances rather than full sentence structures in order to convey meaning to their child.They are often repeated so children have practice in a particular concept. Child directed speech helps infants to detect syntactic boundaries and makes linguistic patterns easier to recognize. Children begin to understand word order through child directed speech which slowly expands into a deeper understanding of sentence structure. However, communicating with children can be difficult if you can’t maintain their attention, so you need to talk about a topic that interests them.For example if you are washing them you could talk about all the different body parts whilst washing them, if they splash talk about the splash. Ask a lot of questions and let them reply as this speeds the acquisition of verbal auxiliaries by the child. Parents should use lots of names for things and many words for actions as they play an important role in later language development. Conversations with children are mostly about the present, here-and-now, rather than topics pertaining to another time, past or future.Regarding grammar, in the first three or four years there is not much point in correcting them as it will just confuse them and may do harm to their confidence and self-esteem. It is best to let the child correct themselves spontaneously when they are ready. However you could drop hints to help them out in correcting what they are saying. In order to relate to a child during â€Å"baby talk†, a parent may deliberately fabricate some words, and may pepper the speech of non verbal utterances. The parents might refer only to objects and events in the immediate surrounding area, and will often repeat the child’s utterances back to them.Children employ a wide variety of phonological simplifications, usually assimilation or reduplication, in learning speech, where the child seizes on a stressed syllable, and repeats it to form a word. Within the context of normal conversation with their children caregivers use a variety of techniques to encourage the continuance of that conversation. Repetition is one of the most frequently used methods of prolonging conversation, as well as one of the particular traits of child-directed speech.Frequently heard words for objects will be better remembered and better articulated than other words once the child begins to develop a productive vocabulary of real words. The more times a child hears a sentence clearly modeled, the more that child†™s language learning is facilitated. The expand and recast technique serves as an alternative to repetition, and, is a method parents often use as it gives children new ideas and helps with the formation of grammar, as well as prolonging the conversation by recasting the prior topic into a new form.Turn-taking is another technique used in child-directed speech. Used early in the child’s development, turn-taking provides infants with the opportunity of learning the structure of conversations. The parents use cues such as exaggerated pauses to help infants learn to take their turns. Routines of turn-taking also serve other functions in linguistic development. Babies gain experience in vocalizing, and participate in situations in which that vocalizing becomes more language-like.

The Relationship Between The Narrator And His Wife

Cathedral The relationship between the narrator and his wife was acrimonious at best. He does not care enough for her to be nice to a house guest who is a friend of hers as evidenced by his comment â€Å"I wasn’t enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me.† (Carver, 1983, p.2679). In point of fact he seems to be a jerk overall with his comment about the man being blind. I have always believed prejudice is based in ignorance and I think this is a perfect example. He is bothered by a blind man and freely admits to not having any blind friends. He is afraid of what he does not know and of someone who is different. The wife’s comments back to him also divulge a sourness towards their relationship. He writes â€Å"My wife looked at me with irritation† (Carver, 1983, p.2683) and â€Å"My wife gave me a savage look† (Carver, 1983, p.2679) bolstering the conclusion made with the narrators comments above. I think their relationship should change after this. She should leave the jerk and find someone who actually gives a damn about her! Having said that, my training and experience as a former Firefighter/EMT tells me things will only get worse until some big event happens at which point they will get divorced. The significance of the blindness is that he has so much to teach others. It is ironic that the narrator is â€Å"bothered† by this man’s blindness and feels a certain amount of defeat in his inability to describe a Cathedral to him. There is also some shameShow MoreRelated Threatening Relationships in Carver’s Cathedral Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesThreatening Relationships in Carver’s Cathedral  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Although many critics have written numerous accounts of Richard Carver’s Cathedral as being about revelation and overcoming prejudice, they have overlooked a very significant aspect: the unfolding of marital drama. The story tells of how a close outside friendship can threaten marriage by provoking insecurities, creating feelings of invasion of privacy, and aggravating communication barriers. The close outside friendship between the narrator’sRead MoreA Man Becoming Prejudice Against Blind People1710 Words   |  7 Pagestrust another person.The Cathedral is a captivating story based on the lives of the narrator, his wife and a blind man. Raymond Carver is the author of this story, and he does an excellent job allowing the reader to delve into the lives of these characters. Through using the thoughts of the narrator, the reader is able to grab our attention because the story is made more realistic. The views expressed by the narrator in many senses exemplify the views of many in society and therefore the reader isRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1648 Words   |  7 Pages Cathedral is a capitivating story based on the lives of the narrator, his wife and a blind man. Raymond Carver is the author of this story, and he does an excellent job allowing the reader to delve into the lives of these characters. Through using the thoughts of the narrator, the reader is able to grab our attention because the story is made more realistic. The views expressed by the narrator in many senses exemplify the views of many in society and therefore the reader is able to make an emotionalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Narrator Cathedral 1280 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical vision, but seeing requires a deeper level of thoughtfulness. The narrator displays the capability of looking but cannot display the capability of seeing into such depths. The narrator’s whole idea of blindness came from the movies. He said blind people moved slow, were mostly led by dogs, were always serious and never laughed. But that just shows how ignorant he is against the blind. Throughout the whole story the narrator was the character that I didn t like, in fact I thought he was the antagonistRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1006 Words   |  5 Pagesis told from the perspective of a first-person narrator. Throughout the story, the narrator is self-absorbed in his own thoughts and emotions and fails in his willingness to overlook personal insecurities in order to accommodate others’ discomfort, i.e. predominantly his wife and the blind man. In general, the story lacks figurative language and is told in short, direct sentences. This basic structure leaves a lot for the reader to interpret on his or her own. I focused on two paragraphs within RaymondRead MoreCathedral Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagesthe narrator has an attitude of being selfish, and jealous through the story. The narrator’s wife invites a blind man, Robert, to come stay in their house for a short time while the man visits family members of his own wife who recently passed. The narrator is not enthusiastic because blind people make the narrator uncomfortable, mainly because the narrator has no real experience with the blind. In addition, to his uneasiness with the blind the narrator is uncomfortable with the relationship hisRead MoreThe narrator is told by his wife that she is having her blind friend come spend a night at their1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe narrator is told by his wife that she is having her blind friend come spend a night at their house. His wife had just passed and is a very good friend with the wife and wants the blind man to come stay with them. The narrator is not very happy about the blind man coming to visit and asks the wife where she met him and to talk more about. She explains that she worked f or him, she read to him. When the blind man pulls up, the narrator is already being judgmental and prejudiced towards the blindRead MoreSummary Of The Night By Robert Wife Beulah884 Words   |  4 Pages1. Plot: The narrator is telling a story about his wife friend who is blind man name Robert. Robert wife Beulah has recently died due to cancer. The narrator wife wants Robert to spend the night at their house. The narrator wife used to work for Robert, and she is explaining the relationship between Robert and her. The husband does not like Robert because he is blind. At the end of the night Robert shows the husband how it feels to be blind and changes his views about being blind. The main incidentsRead MoreAnalysis Of IND AFF Or Out Of Love In Sarajevo878 Words   |  4 Pagesscene of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination by Princip Bridge. The narrator is in the midst of an affair with her married professor, Peter, and over the duration of the trip, she realizes t he fragility of her relationship with him. Her realization is played out in conjunction with the historic relevance of Princip’s assassination due to the setting being in Sarajevo. As the narrator notices the parallels between her and Princip’s lives, she ultimately decides to end things with Peter inRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver Cathedral1260 Words   |  6 Pagesknown for his writing style known as minimalism, a style that often uses short phrases or sentences that convey a great amount of meaning. Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† is full of minimalism, whether it be short and repetitive dialogue or brief thoughts that go through the narrators mind. These intentionally precise sentences are full of meaning, whether it be the importance of communication, or the lack of, the underlying tones of death and jealously, or even the psychological connection between the narrator

Outsourcing And Its Effect On The American Economy

Throughout time, many things evolve based on current trends. The business world is no exception to evolution. In the world of business, the bottom line is key and wealthy figure heads are paid large sums to bring up profit margins and cut production costs. During the twentieth century, production costs have been cut by the means of outsourcing. Although outsourcing is financially beneficial to large businesses, it has detrimentally impacted the American economy through raises in the unemployment rate, lost countless tax dollars and compromised the integrity of products received. Outsourcing is a business tactic that consists of moving production of a product to either a sub-tier vendor or moving operations away from the company’s home country in order to eliminate costs. Recently, the most common way of outsourcing is to purchase property in underdeveloped countries and build production facilities there. The cost savings comes from cheap land for factories, cheaper production labor, and cost savings due to lesser taxes and regulations. Unfortunately, with these benefits, many exterior factors are resulted. When a company relies on a production facility that is not local to their home land, they lose the majority of the control of their operations. Many of the developing countries that are chosen to outsource are underdeveloped which comes with a great deal of instability. When a country is not developed, although labor costs are low, the education level, physical andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Outsourcing in America Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesSmith, cited by Timothy Taylor, defines outsourcing as a task that can be done within a group, but is instead done by a third-party group for less money. While outsourcing service benefits American firms, studies show it takes jobs from middle-class Americans and adversely affects the American economy; however, other research proposes that outsourcing might actually benefit the American economy. One effect of outsourcing is that it economically benefits American firms both domestically and abroad, andRead MoreThe Impact Of Outsourcing Of American Occupations Abroad1489 Words   |  6 Pagespaper, my point is to portray the effect of the outsourcing of American occupations abroad. There are two strong arguments with outsourcing: one that accepts the handiness and profits of the outsourcing and the other that energetically restricts outsourcing and focus on its negatives. Government organizations accept that outsourcing may decrease the expense of the assembling of items and give administrations less expensive cost, and others feel that outsourcing has triggered huge layoffs and lossRead MoreThe Benefits of Offshore Outsourcing Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesIf offshore outsourcing has such a negative impact on the economy, then why are businesses practicing it? Is it just because of greed? Actually, offshore outsourcing can promote economic growth in some ways. First off , what exactly is offshore outsourcing? Simply put, offshore outsourcing is a business tactic where a company sends a part of their service to another country to be run by a different company. Offshore outsourcing has been seen as a negative business tactic. However, it affectsRead More How Outsourcing Affects the Economy Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesOutsourcing is nothing new. It is a difficult issue to handle and tackle, supporters and detractors agree on one thing. That outsourcing will not be eliminated to a complete. That is why I wrote on what is outsourcing, how it affect the economy, and can it be stop. The word outsourcing can be defined in a numbers of ways depending on the type of service and the form of relationship with the supplier. Also referred to as contracting out or buying in. May be the delegation or handing over to a thirdRead MoreOutsourcing : Effect Of Outsourcing1631 Words   |  7 Pages OUTSOURCING : EFFECTS OF OUTSOURCING IN AMERICA DHANASHREE AROTE 83360 INDEX Serial No. Topic Page No. 1. Introduction 3 2. Benefits of Outsourcing 4. 3. Negative Effects 5 4. Managing Outsourcing 7 5. 6 Key Trends 8 6. Conclusion 8 7. References 9 INTRODUCTION In today’s global business competitive environment, business organizations must innovate and adapt new strategies to sustain revenue generation, value while remaining competitive. Organizations have embraced outsourcingRead MoreIs Outsourcing Bad Or Good? The Us Economy?898 Words   |  4 PagesA) Why is outsourcing so bad or good to the US economy? In general, the outsourcing is hiring the foreign workers/company to do a particular task, as opposed to hiring domestic workers/company. Besides the outsourcing, the international purchase is an essential activity of companies. In the trend of a booming global economy, a company only focuses on its core value and hire suppliers to supply the necessary product and service. The relationship between companies are complicated and interdependentRead MoreOffshore Outsourcing Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss offshore outsourcing and the effects it has on the American worker in a technology environment. We begin with the scope of the problem and how it has changed the economy for better and for worst. Various figures representing miscellaneous data about off shoring will be represented. The topics include the background and nature of offshore outsourcing, reasons for outsourcing, why trading promotes gain, current economic standing from outsourcing, and finally how outsourcing af fects wages andRead MoreEffects of Outsourcing on Companies Employees and the Economy1634 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Outsourcing Timothy Nicotera University of New Hampshire Abstract This paper will look through the effects that outsourcing has on American business, the economy, and social issues now as well as into the future. Outsourcing is a growing trend among companies large and small as an attempt to gain a competitive advantage in both local and global markets. There are both positive and negative impacts of this way of doing business that need to be realized and accounted for in order forRead MoreThe Outsourcing Trickle Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The trickle of outsourcing threatens to become a flood.† His words speak the truth as outsourcing has left United States’ workers jobless, and it continues to increase the unemployment rate every year. During February of 2009, American workers lost a record 651,000 jobs alone, increasing the unemployment rate to 8.1 percent, the highest it has been in 25 years (Katel). Multinational corporations, hoping to cut down costs and stay profitable in the market, outsource by exporting America n jobs to third-worldRead MoreEssay about Job Outsourcing542 Words   |  3 Pages The economy is one of the most varied topics on the political frontier that is constantly debated, though there is no obvious solution to the United States perpetual economic problems. Held within the crumbling economy of today, are many ongoing controversial issues that plague our once healthy nation. One such problem is job outsourcing, an issue with many schools of thought giving the topic its controversial nature. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The exportation of jobs offshore is job outsourcing

Observations On The Effect Of Pumping Jetty On The...

Observations Evidence Impact Pumping Jetty The pumping jetty has a positive impact on the Southport Spit as it reduces the northward sand drift from forming bars in the entrance to the Southport Seaway and blocking access to small craft. It also pumps sand north across the Southport Seaway through a bypass pipe and out onto the beach of South Stradbroke Island (Banks, 2012). Source: Ms Knight From Dune management Coastal dune management positively protects against the loss of Southport Spits beach by helping maintain, conserve and rehabilitate the natural dunal areas remaining. It is important for sand dunes to be maintained as they significantly protect the coastline. Also, sand dunes act as a buffer against wave damage during†¦show more content†¦4.0 The Decision (An overall sentence outlining this section)-proposal/alternative, criteria, stating your decision, justification) In this section a decision will be made about the viability to construct the proposed cruise liner terminal, using the several criteria. 4.1 The Proposal (What are the alternatives?) In this report, the following proposals will be considered in that a cruise liner terminal on the ocean side of the Southport Spit is not viable and should not go ahead or that the proposal to construct a cruise liner terminal on the Southport Spit is viable and should go ahead. 4.2 The Criteria (What are the criteria that will be used to make a decision?) The

Nanotechnology in Quantum Computing

Question: Discuss about the Nanotechnology in Quantum Computing. Answer: Area of Research Project The Quantum computing is the computation system, which involves the quantum mechanical phenomena to execute the complex calculations. Quantum computing is the system of computing by applying the superposition and entanglement processes (Wolf, 2015). The research project will focus on the invention of new generation computer, which will be in the hands of the users very soon. The future computer will be different from the present day computer, which use of silicon chips and bandwidth variation. This trend will be changed very soon, when the computers will be formed with applying the nanotechnology. As opined by Barends et al. (2016), the desktops and the laptops will then be converted into wooden pegs and balls attached to sticks by strings. This nanotechnology will shrink the size of the silicon chips and will improve the computing speed and power with parallel processing. If the computing speed will be increased, then people can be able to complete their works within very short dura tion. It will enable them to perform multiple tasks within a little tenure and will help in the development too. Therefore, this research project will shed light on the application of the nanotechnology in the quantum computing. The benefits of using this new computing system will enable to increase the speed of the people in future. This research project will explain the application procedure of the nanotechnology and its application on the quantum computing to invent the future computers. Conceptual foundation of the topic The science has advanced itself on a regular basis and has reached in this much with the help of the invention of computers. Computer has made the life very easy for the people to perform any work. The research will analyse the progression of the computers until present. The past computers, which were invented from the first to fifth generation, have been working on the binary digital electronic algorithms (Veldhorst et al, 2014). In contrast with this, the quantum computers are working on the quantum algorithms presented by various scholars. The most discussed scholar on this topic is Peter Shor, who has presented a quantum algorithm to calculate the prime factors of large numbers. Accordion to Hameroff, (2014), this calculation process will depends on the quantum bits of the computer. However, it is opposed by Weber et al. (2014), using this algorithm in the various quantum systems sometimes not helps the user to use a certain amount of quantum bits in a scalable way. The future quantum computers will not work on the principle of binary systems, which use only the 1s and 0s, rather it will use the qubits or quantum bits (Barends et al, 2016). The power of magnetic forces at a subatomic scale will allow running free the exponential power of future computers. Scientists and researchers have been dreaming for the artificial intelligence and computational neural networks (Veldhorst et al, 2014). After inventing these quantum algorithms, the dream can be true in the reality. The speed of processing has made the computing faster and it store the data with the manipulation of atom rotation. The first achievement of this nanotechnology was found when the worlds smallest transistor was built in 2012 by accurate positioning of just a 0.5 nanometre single phosphorus atom. It was a revolutionary step to move forward to the latest developments in the computing. According to Barends et al. (2014), the recent advancements include the two aspects of the quantum technology, its behaviour and other advancements. Scope of research The research project will reveal the scope for the invention of future computer, which will reduce the performance time of the users. The future computer will enable the users to compute complex calculations within a limited period as well as will also decrease the mental involvement of the users. It will be examined whether the use of nanotechnology can give birth to the artificial intelligence, which will change the world as well as the human society. It has analysed, if the future computers will be developed by using the quantum algorithms, then those Future computers will not have the RAM or DRAM. Instead of these, it will be made of MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory) (Wolf, 2015). Additionally, the use of qubits and qubytes will increase the processing power exponentially. Along with this, the present day gigaflops will be replaced by the teraflops, exaflops, petaflops and lumaflops (Hameroff, 2014). The research project will also enlighten the communication system, wh ich will diminish the geopolitical boundaries. It will also initiate the space travel; improve the medical technology and every day-to-day activity. This project can be used as secondary source in future. References Barends, R., Kelly, J., Megrant, A., Veitia, A., Sank, D., Jeffrey, E., ... Chen, Y. (2014). Logic gates at the surface code threshold: Superconducting qubits poised for fault-tolerant quantum computing.arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.4848. Barends, R., Shabani, A., Lamata, L., Kelly, J., Mezzacapo, A., Las Heras, U., ... Chen, Z. (2016). Digitized adiabatic quantum computing with a superconducting circuit.Nature,534(7606), 222-226. Hameroff, S. R. (2014).Ultimate computing: biomolecular consciousness and nanotechnology. Elsevier. Veldhorst, M., Hwang, J. C. C., Yang, C. H., Leenstra, A. W., De Ronde, B., Dehollain, J. P., ... Dzurak, A. S. (2014). An addressable quantum dot qubit with fault-tolerant control-fidelity.Nature nanotechnology,9(12), 981-985. Weber, B., Tan, Y. H., Mahapatra, S., Watson, T. F., Ryu, H., Rahman, R., ... Simmons, M. Y. (2014). Spin blockade and exchange in Coulomb-confined silicon double quantum dots.Nature nanotechnology. Wolf, E. L. (2015).Quantum nanoelectronics: an introduction to electronic nanotechnology and quantum computing. John Wiley Sons.

Managements Essays - Volkswagen Group, Porsche, Coupes, Sports Cars

Ferdinand Porsche This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2006) This article is about the founder of Porsche automobiles. For his grandson, the designer of the Porsche 911, see Ferdinand Alexander Porsche. Ferdinand Porsche Born3 September 1875 Maffersdorf, Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian Empire Died30 January 1951 (aged 75) Stuttgart, West Germany[1] NationalityAustro-Hungarian, Austrian, German ChildrenFerry Porsche and Louisa Porsche Work Significant projectsMercedes-Benz SS/SSK, Tiger I, Tiger II, the Elefant, and the Volkswagen Beetle Significant awardsGerman National Prize for Art and Science Ferdinand Porsche[2] (3 September 1875 ? 30 January 1951) was an Austrian-German automotive engineer and honorary Doctor of Engineering. He is best known for creating the first hybrid vehicle (gasoline-electric), the Volkswagen Beetle, and the Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK, as well as the first of many Porsche automobiles. Porsche designed the 1923 Benz Tropfenwagen, which was the first race car with mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout. Known in business circles as the "great engineer",[3] he made a number of contributions to advanced German tank designs: Tiger I, Tiger II, and the Elefant as well as the super-heavy Panzer VIII Maus tank, which was never put into production. He also made contributions in aircraft design, including the Junkers Ju 88, and the Focke-Wulf Ta 152.[4] Additionally, he helped develop and manufacture retaliatory weapons (Vergeltungswaffen), such as the V-1 flying bombs(Fi 103 flying bombs).[5] In 1937, Porsche was awarded the German National Prize for Art and Science, one of the rarest decorations in Nazi Germany. In 1996, Porsche was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame and in 1999 posthumously won the award of Car Engineer of the Century. Contents ?[hide]? 1 Early life 2 Early career 3 Austro-Daimler 4 Founding of Porsche 4.1 Volkswagen Beetle 4.2 Auto Union racing car 5 Post war 6 Return to Stuttgart 7 Views on Labor 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links [edit]Early life See also: Porsche family Ferdinand Porsche was born to German-speaking parents in Maffersdorf (Czech: Vratislavice nad Nisou), northern Bohemia, during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, what is today the Czech Republic. He showed high aptitude for mechanical work at a very young age. He managed to attend classes at the Imperial Technical School in Reichenberg (Czech: Liberec) at night while helping his father in his mechanical shop by day. Thanks to a referral, Porsche landed a job with the B?la Egger Electrical company in Vienna when he turned 18.[6] In Vienna he would sneak into the local university whenever he could after work. Beyond auditing classes there, Porsche had never received any higher engineering education. During his five years with B?la Egger, Porsche first developed the electric hub motor. [7] [edit]Early career In 1898, Porsche joined the Vienna-based factory Jakob Lohner & Co, that produced coaches for Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, as well as for the kings of England, Sweden, and Romania.[citation needed] Jakob Lohner had begun construction of automobiles in 1896 under Ludwig Lohner in the trans-Danubian suburb of Floridsdorf. Their first design, unveiled in 1898, was the "System Lohner-Porsche", a carriage-like car driven by two electric motors, directly fitted within the front wheel hubs, and powered by batteries. This drive train construction was easily expanded to four-wheel drive, by simply mounting two more electric motors to the rear wheels as well, and indeed such a specimen was ordered by the Englishman E. W. Hart in 1900. In December that year, the car was presented at the Paris World Exhibition under the name Toujours-Contente. Even though this one-off vehicle[8] had been commissioned for the purposes of racing and record-breaking, the 1,800 kg of lead acid batteries it required graphically illustrated the limits of this powertrain concept. Though it "showed wonderful speed when it was allowed to sprint",[citation needed] the weight of its huge battery pack meant that it was singularly reluctant to climb hills and suffered from limited range due to limited battery life. The Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid Still employed by Lohner, Porsche reached the logical conclusion and in 1901 introduced the "Mixte" vehicle/transmission concept: instead of a massive battery-pack, an internal combustion engine built by the German firm, Daimler, was fitted to a generator to drive the electric hub motors and (for vehicle reliability) a small battery pack. This way Porsche had created the first petroleum electric hybrid vehicle on record, although since sufficiently reliable gears